Srinivasan K

This paper investigates temperature measurement using acoustic pyrometry in hot zones and flames. For experiments in flameless hot zones, a Hartmann whistle is used as the acoustic source. Time of flight of sound waves in the heated path is calculated by cross-correlating the signals received by two microphones placed at pipe ends. Acoustic pyrometry is also performed for estimation of flame temperature in kerosene wick and candle flames, using a speaker as the acoustic source. Since length scales of single flames are small, leading to short times-of-flight, appropriate temperature profiling strategies for flame temperature estimation are identified. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The current work experimentally investigates the effect of Hartmann cavity acoustics on the atomization of droplet sprays. Initially, the experiments are conducted on a single droplet to understand its behavior in the sound field of a Hartmann whistle. The atomization studies on single droplet reveal that the existence of sound field causes the droplet to undergo large deformation and become irregular in shape. The degree of droplet deformation is quantified based on smaller circularity and larger Feret's diameter. The increase in cone angle of spray to a higher value in the presence of acoustics in comparison to its absence shows that the acoustics enhances the atomization. The stroboscopic visualization of sprays in the presence of acoustics further reveals the breakup of ligaments, large scatter as well as the formation of more number of droplets, indicating atomization enhancement.

Experimental investigations are carried out on Hartmann whistles to explore the effect of external chamfer at the cavity mouth. The acoustic performance depends upon the cavity length, jet-to-cavity-spacing and external chamfer angle (15, 30, and 45). The modifications in spectral and directional characteristics of external chamfered Hartmann whistles are studied in detail and are compared with a regular cavity. The frequencies are observed to attain a minimum value at a chamfer angle of 30 along with modification in the acoustic spectra. In general, it is noticed that the external chamfered whistles are directive at an emission angle of around 45 where it is around 37 for a regular whistle. Numerical simulations portray the flow/shock oscillation features in external chamfered cavities. Simulations depict intense flow diversion at the mouth of chamfered cavities and elucidate the directivity shift as well as the enhancement of acoustic power observed experimentally. Thus, it is observed that Hartmann whistles with external chamfering could radiate acoustic power up to 2.3 times that of a non-chamfered whistle. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Time-of-flight (TOF) measurements are valuable in the estimation of distances, displacements and velocities of moving objects, phase differences of wave pulses, temperature of the atmosphere, and so on. The effects of sound source on time-of-flight measurements have been investigated in this paper. The sound sources considered are: electric horn, impact noise source, aerodynamic noise from a free jet, and the Hartmann whistle. The focus of the present study is to highlight the advantage of using Hartmann whistle for TOF measurements as this device is simple and attractive, without any moving parts. Time-of-flight of sound waves is calculated by cross-correlating the signals received by two microphones. Further, the effect of signal filtering on TOF measurements is demonstrated. The results indicate that the sound source has considerable effect on TOF measurements, and the accuracy can be significantly enhanced by appropriate signal conditioning. Hartmann whistle proves to be a good candidate as an acoustic source for TOF measurement. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The primary objective of this work is to investigate lip-thickness effect on the various acoustic emission characteristics of Hartmann whistle. Nozzle-to-cavity distance (stand-off distance), cavity length, nozzle pressure ratio and lip thickness form the pertinent parameters of the present study. Two lip thicknesses considered in the present study are a thick-lipped cavity (5 mm) and a thin-lipped cavity (1 mm). Although lip thickness has negligible effect on the resonance frequency, it has significant influence over the sound pressure levels generated. The results showed that thin-lipped-Hartmann whistles could emit up to 2.4 times the acoustic power as compared with thick-lipped whistles. © IMechE 2013.