Measurement of the cosmogenic neutron yield in Super-Kamiokande with gadolinium loaded water

Ablikim, M; Achasov, MN; Adlarson, P; Albrecht, M; Aliberti, R; Amoroso, A; An, MR; An, Q; Bai, Y; Bakina, O; Ferroli, RB; Balossino, I; Ban, Y; Batozskaya, V; Becker, D; Begzsuren, K; Berger, N; Bertani, M; Bettoni, D; Bianchi, F; Bianco, E; Bloms, J; Bortone, A; Boyko, I; Briere, RA; Brueggemann, A; Cai, H; Cai, X; Calcaterra, A; Cao, GF; Cao, N; Cetin, SA; Chang, JF; Chang, WL; Che, GR; Chelkov, G; Chen, C; Chen, G; Chen, HS; Chen, ML; Chen, SJ; Chen, SM; Chen, T; Chen, XR; Chen, XT; Chen, YB; Chen, ZJ; Cheng, WS; Choi, SK; Chu, X; Cibinetto, G; Cossio, F; Cui, JJ; Dai, HL; Dai, JP; Dbeyssi, A; de Boer, RE; Dedovich, D; Deng, ZY; Denig, A; Denysenko, I; Destefanis, M; De Mori, F; Ding, Y; Dong, J; Dong, LY; Dong, MY; Dong, X; Du, SX; Duan, ZH; Egorov, P; Fan, YL; Fang, J; Fang, SS; Fang, WX; Fang, Y; Farinelli, R; Fava, L; Feldbauer, F; Felici, G; Feng, CQ; Feng, JH; Fischer, K; Fritsch, M; Fritzsch, C; Fu, CD; Gao, H; Gao, XL; Gao, YN; Gao, Y; Garbolino, S; Garzia, I; Ge, PT; Ge, ZW; Geng, C; Gersabeck, EM; Gilman, A; Goetzen, K; Gong, L; Gong, WX; Gradl, W; Greco, M; Gu, LM; Gu, MH; Gu, YT; Guan, CY; Guo, AQ; Guo, LB; Guo, RP; Guo, YP; Guskov, A; Han, WY; Hao, XQ; Harris, FA; He, KK; He, KL; Heinsius, FH; Heinz, CH; Heng, YK; Herold, C; Hou, GY; Hou, YR; Hou, ZL; Hu, HM; Hu, JF; Hu, T; Hu, Y; Huang, GS; Huang, KX; Huang, LQ; Huang, XT; Huang, YP; Huang, Z; Hussain, T; Husken, N; Imoehl, W; Irshad, M; Jackson, J; Jaeger, S; Janchiv, S; Jang, E; Jeong, JH; Ji, Q; Ji, QP; Ji, XB; Ji, XL; Ji, YY; Jia, ZK; Jiang, PC; Jiang, SS; Jiang, XS; Jiang, Y; Jiao, JB; Jiao, Z; Jin, S; Jin, Y; Jing, MQ; Johansson, T; Kabana, S; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N; Kang, XL; Kang, XS; Kappert, R; Kavatsyuk, M; Ke, BC; Keshk, IK; Khoukaz, A; Kiuchi, R; Kliemt, R; Koch, L; Kolcu, OB; Kopf, B; Kuemmel, M; Kuessner, M; Kupsc, A; Kuhn, W; Lane, JJ; Lange, JS; Larin, P; Lavania, A; Lavezzi, L; Lei, TT; Lei, ZH; Leithoff, H; Lellmann, M; Lenz, T; Li, C; Li, CH; Li, DM; Li, F; Li, G; Li, H; Li, HB; Li, HJ; Li, HN; Li, JQ; Li, JS; Li, JW; Li, K; Li, LJ; Li, LK; Li, L; Li, MH; Li, PR; Li, SX; Li, SY; Li, T; Li, WD; Li, WG; Li, XH; Li, XL; Li, XY; Li, YG; Li, ZX; Li, ZY; Liang, C; Liang, H; Liang, YF; Liang, YT; Liao, GR; Liao, LZ; Libby, J; Limphirat, A; Lin, CX; Lin, DX; Lin, T; Liu, BJ; Liu, C; Liu, CX; Liu, D; Liu, FH; Liu, F; Liu, GM; Liu, H; Liu, HB; Liu, HM; Liu, HH; Liu, JB; Liu, JL; Liu, JY; Liu, K; Liu, KY; Liu, L; Liu, MH; Liu, PL; Liu, Q; Liu, SB; Liu, T; Liu, WK; Liu, WM; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YB; Liu, ZA; Liu, ZQ; Lou, XC; Lu, FX; Lu, HJ; Lu, JG; Lu, XL; Lu, Y; Lu, YP; Lu, ZH; Luo, CL; Luo, MX; Luo, T; Luo, XL; Lyu, XR; Lyu, YF; Ma, FC; Ma, HL; Ma, LL; Ma, MM; Ma, QM; Ma, RQ; Ma, RT; Ma, XY; Ma, Y; Maas, FE; Maggiora, M; Maldaner, S; Malde, S; Malik, QA; Mangoni, A; Mao, YJ; Mao, ZP; Marcello, S; Meng, ZX; Messchendorp, JG; Mezzadri, G; Miao, H; Min, TJ; Mitchell, RE; Mo, XH; Muchnoi, NY; Nefedov, Y; Nerling, F; Nikolaev, IB; Ning, Z; Nisar, S; Niu, Y; Olsen, SL; Ouyang, Q; Pacetti, S; Pan, X; Pan, Y; Pathak, A; Pei, YP; Pelizaeus, M; Peng, HP; Peters, K; Ping, JL; Ping, RG; Plura, S; Pogodin, S; Prasad, V; Qi, FZ; Qi, H; Qi, HR; Qi, M; Qi, TY; Qian, S; Qian, WB; Qian, Z; Qiao, CF; Qin, JJ; Qin, LQ; Qin, XP; Qin, XS; Qin, ZH; Qiu, JF; Qu, SQ; Rashid, KH; Redmer, CF; Ren, KJ; Rivetti, A; Rodin, V; Rolo, M; Rong, G; Rosner, C; Ruan, SN; Sarantsev, A; Schelhaas, Y; Schnier, C; Schoenning, K; Scodeggio, M; Shan, KY; Shan, W; Shan, XY; Shangguan, JF; Shao, LG; Shao, M; Shen, CP; Shen, HF; Shen, WH; Shen, XY; Shi, BA; Shi, HC; Shi, JY; Shi, QQ; Shi, RS; Shi, X; Song, JJ; Song, WM; Song, YX; Sosio, S; Spataro, S; Stieler, F; Su, PP; Su, YJ; Sun, GX; Sun, H; Sun, HK; Sun, JF; Sun, L; Sun, SS; Sun, T; Sun, WY; Sun, YJ; Sun, YZ; Sun, ZT; Tan, YH; Tan, YX; Tang, CJ; Tang, GY; Tang, J; Tao, LY; Tao, QT; Tat, M; Teng, JX; Thoren, V; Tian, WH; Tian, Y; Uman, I; Wang, B; Wang, BL; Wang, CW; Wang, DY; Wang, F; Wang, HJ; Wang, HP; Wang, K; Wang, LL; Wang, M; Wang, MZ; Wang, S; Wang, T; Wang, TJ; Wang, W; Wang, WH; Wang, WP; Wang, X; Wang, XF; Wang, XL; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, YH; Wang, YQ; Wang, Z; Wang, ZY; Wei, DH; Weidner, F; Wen, SP; White, DJ; Wiedner, U; Wilkinson, G; Wolke, M; Wollenberg, L; Wu, JF; Wu, LH; Wu, LJ; Wu, X; Wu, XH; Wu, Y; Wu, YJ; Wu, Z; Xia, L; Xiang, T; Xiao, D; Xiao, GY; Xiao, H; Xiao, SY; Xiao, YL; Xiao, ZJ; Xie, C; Xie, XH; Xie, Y; Xie, YG; Xie, YH; Xie, ZP; Xing, TY; Xu, CF; Xu, CJ; Xu, GF; Xu, HY; Xu, QJ; Xu, XP; Xu, YC; Xu, ZP; Yan, F; Yan, L; Yan, WB; Yan, WC; Yang, HJ; Yang, HL; Yang, HX; Yang, T; Yang, YF; Yang, YX; Ye, M; Ye, MH; Yin, JH; You, ZY; Yu, BX; Yu, CX; Yu, G; Yu, T; Yu, XD; Yuan, CZ; Yuan, L; Yuan, SC; Yuan, XQ; Yuan, Y; Yuan, ZY; Yue, CX; Zafar, AA; Zeng, FR; Zeng, X; Zeng, Y; Zhai, XY; Zhan, YH; Zhang, AQ; Zhang, BL; Zhang, BX; Zhang, DH; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, HH; Zhang, HQ; Zhang, HY; Zhang, JL; Zhang, JQ; Zhang, JW; Zhang, JX; Zhang, JY; Zhang, JZ; Zhang, LM; Zhang, LQ; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zhang, QY; Zhang, SH; Zhang, SL; Zhang, XD; Zhang, XM; Zhang, XY; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YT; Zhang, YH; Zhang, ZH; Zhang, ZL; Zhang, ZY; Zhao, G; Zhao, J; Zhao, JY; Zhao, JZ; Zhao, L; Zhao, MG; Zhao, SJ; Zhao, YB; Zhao, YX; Zhao, ZG; Zhemchugov, A; Zheng, B; Zheng, JP; Zheng, YH; Zhong, B; Zhong, C; Zhong, X; Zhou, H; Zhou, LP; Zhou, X; Zhou, XK; Zhou, XR; Zhou, XY; Zhou, YZ; Zhu, J; Zhu, K; Zhu, KJ; Zhu, LX; Zhu, SH; Zhu, SQ; Zhu, TJ; Zhu, WJ; Zhu, YC; Zhu, ZA; Zou, JH; Zu, J

doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.092009

Measurement of the cosmogenic neutron yield in Super-Kamiokande with gadolinium loaded water

Date Issued

2023

Author(s)

Ablikim, M

Achasov, MN

Adlarson, P

Albrecht, M

Aliberti, R

Amoroso, A

An, MR

An, Q

Bai, Y

Bakina, O

Ferroli, RB

Balossino, I

Ban, Y

Batozskaya, V

Becker, D

Begzsuren, K

Berger, N

Bertani, M

Bettoni, D

Bianchi, F

Bianco, E

Bloms, J

Bortone, A

Boyko, I

Briere, RA

Brueggemann, A

Cai, H

Cai, X

Calcaterra, A

Cao, GF

Cao, N

Cetin, SA

Chang, JF

Chang, WL

Che, GR

Chelkov, G

Chen, C

Chen, G

Chen, HS

Chen, ML

Chen, SJ

Chen, SM

Chen, T

Chen, XR

Chen, XT

Chen, YB

Chen, ZJ

Cheng, WS

Choi, SK

Chu, X

Cibinetto, G

Cossio, F

Cui, JJ

Dai, HL

Dai, JP

Dbeyssi, A

de Boer, RE

Dedovich, D

Deng, ZY

Denig, A

Denysenko, I

Destefanis, M

De Mori, F

Ding, Y

Dong, J

Dong, LY

Dong, MY

Dong, X

Du, SX

Duan, ZH

Egorov, P

Fan, YL

Fang, J

Fang, SS

Fang, WX

Fang, Y

Farinelli, R

Fava, L

Feldbauer, F

Felici, G

Feng, CQ

Feng, JH

Fischer, K

Fritsch, M

Fritzsch, C

Fu, CD

Gao, H

Gao, XL

Gao, YN

Gao, Y

Garbolino, S

Garzia, I

Ge, PT

Ge, ZW

Geng, C

Gersabeck, EM

Gilman, A

Goetzen, K

Gong, L

Gong, WX

Gradl, W

Greco, M

Gu, LM

Gu, MH

Gu, YT

Guan, CY

Guo, AQ

Guo, LB

Guo, RP

Guo, YP

Guskov, A

Han, WY

Hao, XQ

Harris, FA

He, KK

He, KL

Heinsius, FH

Heinz, CH

Heng, YK

Herold, C

Hou, GY

Hou, YR

Hou, ZL

Hu, HM

Hu, JF

Hu, T

Hu, Y

Huang, GS

Huang, KX

Huang, LQ

Huang, XT

Huang, YP

Huang, Z

Hussain, T

Husken, N

Imoehl, W

Irshad, M

Jackson, J

Jaeger, S

Janchiv, S

Jang, E

Jeong, JH

Ji, Q

Ji, QP

Ji, XB

Ji, XL

Ji, YY

Jia, ZK

Jiang, PC

Jiang, SS

Jiang, XS

Jiang, Y

Jiao, JB

Jiao, Z

Jin, S

Jin, Y

Jing, MQ

Johansson, T

Kabana, S

Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N

Kang, XL

Kang, XS

Kappert, R

Kavatsyuk, M

Ke, BC

Keshk, IK

Khoukaz, A

Kiuchi, R

Kliemt, R

Koch, L

Kolcu, OB

Kopf, B

Kuemmel, M

Kuessner, M

Kupsc, A

Kuhn, W

Lane, JJ

Lange, JS

Larin, P

Lavania, A

Lavezzi, L

Lei, TT

Lei, ZH

Leithoff, H

Lellmann, M

Lenz, T

Li, C

Li, CH

Li, C

Li, DM

Li, F

Li, G

Li, H

Li, HB

Li, HJ

Li, HN

Li, JQ

Li, JS

Li, JW

Li, K

Li, LJ

Li, LK

Li, L

Li, MH

Li, PR

Li, SX

Li, SY

Li, T

Li, WD

Li, WG

Li, XH

Li, XL

Li, XY

Li, YG

Li, ZX

Li, ZY

Liang, C

Liang, H

Liang, YF

Liang, YT

Liao, GR

Liao, LZ

Libby, J

Limphirat, A

Lin, CX

Lin, DX

Lin, T

Liu, BJ

Liu, C

Liu, CX

Liu, D

Liu, FH

Liu, F

Liu, GM

Liu, H

Liu, HB

Liu, HM

Liu, HH

Liu, JB

Liu, JL

Liu, JY

Liu, K

Liu, KY

Liu, K

Liu, L

Liu, MH

Liu, PL

Liu, Q

Liu, SB

Liu, T

Liu, WK

Liu, WM

Liu, X

Liu, Y

Liu, YB

Liu, ZA

Liu, ZQ

Lou, XC

Lu, FX

Lu, HJ

Lu, JG

Lu, XL

Lu, Y

Lu, YP

Lu, ZH

Luo, CL

Luo, MX

Luo, T

Luo, XL

Lyu, XR

Lyu, YF

Ma, FC

Ma, HL

Ma, LL

Ma, MM

Ma, QM

Ma, RQ

Ma, RT

Ma, XY

Ma, Y

Maas, FE

Maggiora, M

Maldaner, S

Malde, S

Malik, QA

Mangoni, A

Mao, YJ

Mao, ZP

Marcello, S

Meng, ZX

Messchendorp, JG

Mezzadri, G

Miao, H

Min, TJ

Mitchell, RE

Mo, XH

Muchnoi, NY

Nefedov, Y

Nerling, F

Nikolaev, IB

Ning, Z

Nisar, S

Niu, Y

Olsen, SL

Ouyang, Q

Pacetti, S

Pan, X

Pan, Y

Pathak, A

Pei, YP

Pelizaeus, M

Peng, HP

Peters, K

Ping, JL

Ping, RG

Plura, S

Pogodin, S

Prasad, V

Qi, FZ

Qi, H

Qi, HR

Qi, M

Qi, TY

Qian, S

Qian, WB

Qian, Z

Qiao, CF

Qin, JJ

Qin, LQ

Qin, XP

Qin, XS

Qin, ZH

Qiu, JF

Qu, SQ

Rashid, KH

Redmer, CF

Ren, KJ

Rivetti, A

Rodin, V

Rolo, M

Rong, G

Rosner, C

Ruan, SN

Sarantsev, A

Schelhaas, Y

Schnier, C

Schoenning, K

Scodeggio, M

Shan, KY

Shan, W

Shan, XY

Shangguan, JF

Shao, LG

Shao, M

Shen, CP

Shen, HF

Shen, WH

Shen, XY

Shi, BA

Shi, HC

Shi, JY

Shi, QQ

Shi, RS

Shi, X

Song, JJ

Song, WM

Song, YX

Sosio, S

Spataro, S

Stieler, F

Su, PP

Su, YJ

Sun, GX

Sun, H

Sun, HK

Sun, JF

Sun, L

Sun, SS

Sun, T

Sun, WY

Sun, YJ

Sun, YZ

Sun, ZT

Tan, YH

Tan, YX

Tang, CJ

Tang, GY

Tang, J

Tao, LY

Tao, QT

Tat, M

Teng, JX

Thoren, V

Tian, WH

Tian, Y

Uman, I

Wang, B

Wang, BL

Wang, CW

Wang, DY

Wang, F

Wang, HJ

Wang, HP

Wang, K

Wang, LL

Wang, M

Wang, MZ

Wang, M

Wang, S

Wang, T

Wang, TJ

Wang, W

Wang, WH

Wang, WP

Wang, X

Wang, XF

Wang, XL

Wang, Y

Wang, YD

Wang, YF

Wang, YH

Wang, YQ

Wang, Y

Wang, Z

Wang, ZY

Wang, Z

Wei, DH

Weidner, F

Wen, SP

White, DJ

Wiedner, U

Wilkinson, G

Wolke, M

Wollenberg, L

Wu, JF

Wu, LH

Wu, LJ

Wu, X

Wu, XH

Wu, Y

Wu, YJ

Wu, Z

Xia, L

Xiang, T

Xiao, D

Xiao, GY

Xiao, H

Xiao, SY

Xiao, YL

Xiao, ZJ

Xie, C

Xie, XH

Xie, Y

Xie, YG

Xie, YH

Xie, ZP

Xing, TY

Xu, CF

Xu, CJ

Xu, GF

Xu, HY

Xu, QJ

Xu, XP

Xu, YC

Xu, ZP

Yan, F

Yan, L

Yan, WB

Yan, WC

Yang, HJ

Yang, HL

Yang, HX

Yang, T

Yang, YF

Yang, YX

Yang, YF

Ye, M

Ye, MH

Yin, JH

You, ZY

Yu, BX

Yu, CX

Yu, G

Yu, T

Yu, XD

Yuan, CZ

Yuan, L

Yuan, SC

Yuan, XQ

Yuan, Y

Yuan, ZY

Yue, CX

Zafar, AA

Zeng, FR

Zeng, X

Zeng, Y

Zhai, XY

Zhan, YH

Zhang, AQ

Zhang, BL

Zhang, BX

Zhang, DH

Zhang, GY

Zhang, H

Zhang, HH

Zhang, HQ

Zhang, HY

Zhang, JL

Zhang, JQ

Zhang, JW

Zhang, JX

Zhang, JY

Zhang, JZ

Zhang, JY

Zhang, JW

Zhang, LM

Zhang, LQ

Zhang, L

Zhang, P

Zhang, QY

Zhang, SH

Zhang, SL

Zhang, XD

Zhang, XM

Zhang, XY

Zhang, Y

Zhang, YT

Zhang, YH

Zhang, Y

Zhang, ZH

Zhang, ZL

Zhang, ZY

Zhao, G

Zhao, J

Zhao, JY

Zhao, JZ

Zhao, L

Zhao, MG

Zhao, SJ

Zhao, YB

Zhao, YX

Zhao, ZG

Zhemchugov, A

Zheng, B

Zheng, JP

Zheng, YH

Zhong, B

Zhong, C

Zhong, X

Zhou, H

Zhou, LP

Zhou, X

Zhou, XK

Zhou, XR

Zhou, XY

Zhou, YZ

Zhu, J

Zhu, K

Zhu, KJ

Zhu, LX

Zhu, SH

Zhu, SQ

Zhu, TJ

Zhu, WJ

Zhu, YC

Zhu, ZA

Zou, JH

Zu, J

DOI

10.1103/PhysRevD.107.092009

Abstract

Cosmic-ray muons that enter the Super-Kamiokande detector cause hadronic showers due to spallation in water, producing neutrons and radioactive isotopes. These are a major background source for studies of MeV-scale neutrinos and searches for rare events. In 2020, gadolinium was introduced into the ultra-pure water in the Super-Kamiokande detector to improve the detection efficiency of neutrons. In this study, the cosmogenic neutron yield was measured using data acquired during the period after the gadolinium loading. The yield was found to be (2.76 0.02(stat) 0.19(syst)) x 10(-4) mu(-1) g(-1) cm(2) at an average muon energy 259 GeV at the Super-Kamiokande detector.

Volume

107

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Measurement of the cosmogenic neutron yield in Super-Kamiokande with gadolinium loaded water