Simple permutation-based measure of quantum correlations and maximally-3-tangled states

Quantities invariant under local unitary transformations are of natural interest in the study of entanglement. This paper deduces and studies a particularly simple quantity that is constructed from a combination of two standard permutations of the density matrix, namely, realignment and partial transpose. This bipartite quantity, denoted here as R-12, vanishes on large classes of separable states including classical-quantum correlated states, while being maximum for only maximally entangled states. It is shown to be naturally related to the 3-tangle in three-qubit states via their two-qubit reduced density matrices. Upper and lower bounds on concurrence and negativity of two-qubit density matrices for all ranks are given in terms of R-12. Ansatz states satisfying these bounds are given and verified using various numerical methods. In the rank-2 case, it is shown that the states satisfying the lower bound on R-12 versus concurrence define a class of three-qubit states that maximize the tripartite entanglement (the 3-tangle) given an amount of entanglement between a pair of them. The measure R-12 is conjectured, via numerical sampling, to be always larger than the concurrence and negativity. In particular, this is shown to be true for the physically interesting case of X states.