Realization of device quality PMN–PT ceramics using modulated heating method

We report on the synthesis and stabilization of device quality PMN–PT ceramics prepared by columbite route. Synthesis chemistry of columbite precursor, MgNb2O6, is analyzed, and a partial covering method for creating Pb atmosphere during calcination and sintering along with modulated heating have been tried, to realize pyrochlore-free PMN–PT having good ferroelectric properties. X-ray diffraction, Raman and SEM analysis, and hysteresis studies established that pure stoichiometric perovskite phase PMN–PT with excellent ferroelectric properties (Psat ~31.5 µC/cm2, Pr ~24.7 µC/cm2 and Ec ~6.1 kV/cm) could be realized through the novel modulated heating and stabilization procedures. Modulated heating may be applied for the synthesis of other lead based mixed perovskites as well.