Inorganic nanoparticles as eco-friendly fertilizers: synthesis, characterization, and agricultural applications

Due to their potential to increase agricultural output and reduce environmental problems, inorganic nanofertilizers (NFRs) have attracted a lot of attention recently. An overview of the characterization, manufacture, and applications of these NFRs is provided in this abstract. Sol–gel, hydrothermal, and precipitation processes, among others, are used in the manufacture to provide regulated synthesis and effective nutrient delivery to plants. The size, content, and spectral properties of the nanoparticles are evaluated using characterization techniques, such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Inorganic NFRs have a variety of uses, such as promoting nutrient uptake and plant growth, minimizing nutrient losses, and providing environmental protection. Future studies should concentrate on comprehending their long-term impacts, improving production processes, and creating environmentally friendly NFR compositions.