Anticipating the impact of glaciers, landslides and extreme weather events on vulnerable hydropower projects and the development of an integrated multi-hazard warning system (IMWS)

The Himalayan river basins offer great potential for hydropower development, but they are also vulnerable to various hazards such as debris flows, landslides, flash floods, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), and landslide lake outburst floods (LLOFs). Despite the regional and global significance of these hazards, there is a lack of information and data on different aspects, including meteorology, hydrology, geology, and seismology. Many hazards often go unnoticed or receive little attention until they start affecting humans and their activities like damage to buildings, infrastructure, and other human-made structures. It is important to recognize that hazards can have severe and long-lasting impacts on society, even when they do not directly affect humans. For example, flash floods can disrupt ecosystems, destroy habitats, and threaten biodiversity and the complexity of climatic influences on both regional and local scales cannot be overlooked. Therefore, we highlight the importance of basin-wise and basin-wide continuous long-term monitoring in the Himalaya. It is also recommended that the highest hydropower projects in the basins should have their network of hydro-meteorological observatories at different altitudes with a provision of real-time data transmission and deployment of a multi-hazard warning system (IMWS) for flash floods.