On Finding Short Reconfiguration Sequences Between Independent Sets

Assume we are given a graph G, two independent sets S and T in G of size k ≥ 1, and a positive integer ℓ ≥ 1. The goal is to decide whether there exists a sequence 〈I0, I1, ..., Iℓ〉 of independent sets such that for all j ∈ {0, . . ., ℓ-1} the set Ij is an independent set of size k, I0 = S, Iℓ = T, and Ij+1 is obtained from Ij by a predetermined reconfiguration rule. We consider two reconfiguration rules, namely token sliding and token jumping. Intuitively, we view each independent set as a collection of tokens placed on the vertices of the graph. Then, the Token Sliding Optimization (TSO) problem asks whether there exists a sequence of at most ℓ steps that transforms S into T, where at each step we are allowed to slide one token from a vertex to an unoccupied neighboring vertex (while maintaining independence). In the Token Jumping Optimization (TJO) problem, at each step, we are allowed to jump one token from a vertex to any other unoccupied vertex of the graph (as long as we maintain independence). Both TSO and TJO are known to be fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by ℓ on nowhere dense classes of graphs. In this work, we investigate the boundary of tractability for sparse classes of graphs. We show that both problems are fixed-parameter tractable for parameter k+ ℓ+ d on d-degenerate graphs as well as for parameter |M|+ ℓ+ ∆ on graphs having a modulator M whose deletion leaves a graph of maximum degree ∆. We complement these result by showing that for parameter ℓ alone both problems become W[1]-hard already on 2-degenerate graphs. Our positive result makes use of the notion of independence covering families introduced by Lokshtanov et al. [25]. Finally, we show as a side result that using such families we can obtain a simpler and unified algorithm for the standard Token Jumping Reachability problem (a.k.a. Token Jumping) parameterized by k on both degenerate and nowhere dense classes of graphs.