Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-coated Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>/graphene/TiO<inf>2</inf> hybrid nanocomposite mixture as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are efficient energy storage devices in electric vehicles (EVs). Graphite is used in these batteries as an anode material because of its high stability and good conductivity. However, the need for stability, safety and reversibility is increasing rapidly in commercial EVs. In this study, a Fe3O4/TiO2/graphene hybrid nanocomposite coated with Al2O3 has been developed using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal process with graphite as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries. This combination of nanomaterials increases the stability of the anode, electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance. The Fe3O4/graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite results in a reversible capacity of 920 mAh g–1 after analysing it in 160 cycles at a current density of 100 mAh g–1. The nanocomposite provides excellent long-term cycle stability of 650 mAh g–1 after 160 cycles. This shows an ultrahigh rate capability of 475 mAh g–1 at 150°C. The graphene and Fe3O4/graphene/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite mixture coated with Al2O3 exhibits good nonlinear cumulative effects, stability, high reversibility, and increased ultrahigh rate capability.